Human Lungs – Important Points

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 Human Lungs  Lungs are the primary organ of the respiratory system, located in the thoracic cavity. Humans have two lungs: Right lung (3 lobes) and Left lung (2 lobes) — left is smaller to accommodate the heart. Covered by a double-layered membrane called Pleura (visceral & parietal), with pleural fluid reducing friction. Main function: Gas exchange – oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. Air pathway: Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs (~300 million) where actual gas exchange occurs via diffusion. Alveolar walls are lined with a single layer of squamous epithelium for fast diffusion. Surfactant (produced by Type II alveolar cells) reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse. Lungs are not muscular; breathing is driven by diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Diaphragm contraction → lung volume increases → inhalation (negative pressure). Diaphragm relaxation → lung volume decreases → exhalation. Right l...

Nursing Exams - Important MCQs

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 🩺 Nursing Exams – 40 Important MCQs to Remember


1. The normal body temperature is:

A) 35°C

B) 36°C

C) 37°C

D) 38°C

✅ Answer: C) 37°C


2. The normal pulse rate in adults is:

A) 40–60/min

B) 60–100/min

C) 100–120/min

D) 120–140/min

✅ Answer: B) 60–100/min


3. Normal adult respiratory rate is:

A) 8–10/min

B) 12–20/min

C) 22–30/min

D) 30–40/min

✅ Answer: B) 12–20/min


4. Normal blood pressure is:

A) 90/60 mmHg

B) 120/80 mmHg

C) 140/100 mmHg

D) 160/110 mmHg

✅ Answer: B) 120/80 mmHg


5. The largest organ of the human body is:

A) Liver

B) Brain

C) Skin

D) Heart

✅ Answer: C) Skin


6. The largest internal organ is:

A) Brain

B) Liver

C) Kidney

D) Lung

✅ Answer: B) Liver


7. The functional unit of the kidney is:

A) Alveolus

B) Neuron

C) Nephron

D) Osteon

✅ Answer: C) Nephron


8. The oxygen-carrying pigment is:

A) Myoglobin

B) Melanin

C) Hemoglobin

D) Keratin

✅ Answer: C) Hemoglobin


9. Vitamin C deficiency causes:

A) Rickets

B) Beriberi

C) Scurvy

D) Night blindness

✅ Answer: C) Scurvy


10. Iron deficiency causes:

A) Goiter

B) Anemia

C) Diabetes

D) Asthma

✅ Answer: B) Anemia


11. Diabetes mellitus is caused by deficiency of:

A) Thyroxine

B) Adrenaline

C) Insulin

D) Estrogen

✅ Answer: C) Insulin


12. The largest gland in the body is:

A) Thyroid

B) Pancreas

C) Liver

D) Pituitary

✅ Answer: C) Liver


13. The smallest bone is:

A) Femur

B) Tibia

C) Stapes

D) Fibula

✅ Answer: C) Stapes


14. The longest bone is:

A) Humerus

B) Radius

C) Femur

D) Ulna

✅ Answer: C) Femur


15. Blood group universal donor is:

A) A+

B) B+

C) AB+

D) O−

✅ Answer: D) O−


16. Universal recipient is:

A) O−

B) A+

C) AB+

D) B−

✅ Answer: C) AB+


17. Normal human blood pH is:

A) 6.5

B) 7.0

C) 7.35–7.45

D) 8.0

✅ Answer: C) 7.35–7.45


18. BCG vaccine protects against:

A) Polio

B) Measles

C) Tuberculosis

D) Hepatitis B

✅ Answer: C) Tuberculosis


19. The causative organism of tetanus is:

A) Virus

B) Fungus

C) Clostridium tetani

D) Protozoa

✅ Answer: C) Clostridium tetani


20. HIV primarily attacks:

A) RBCs

B) Platelets

C) CD4 T-lymphocytes

D) Neutrophils

✅ Answer: C) CD4 T-lymphocytes


21. The normal platelet count is:

A) 50,000–100,000/mm³

B) 150,000–450,000/mm³

C) 500,000–700,000/mm³

D) 1,000,000/mm³

✅ Answer: B) 150,000–450,000/mm³


22. The normal hemoglobin level in adult males is:

A) 8–10 g/dL

B) 13–17 g/dL

C) 18–22 g/dL

D) 22–25 g/dL

✅ Answer: B) 13–17 g/dL


23. The first heart sound is produced by:

A) Closure of semilunar valves

B) Closure of AV valves

C) Opening of AV valves

D) Opening of semilunar valves

✅ Answer: B) Closure of AV valves


24. The largest artery is:

A) Pulmonary artery

B) Carotid artery

C) Aorta

D) Femoral artery

✅ Answer: C) Aorta


25. The largest vein is:

A) Jugular vein

B) Femoral vein

C) Inferior vena cava

D) Pulmonary vein

✅ Answer: C) Inferior vena cava


26. The basic unit of the nervous system is:

A) Osteocyte

B) Myocyte

C) Neuron

D) Nephron

✅ Answer: C) Neuron


27. The largest part of the brain is:

A) Cerebellum

B) Medulla

C) Cerebrum

D) Pons

✅ Answer: C) Cerebrum


28. The gas exchanged in the alveoli is:

A) Nitrogen

B) Hydrogen

C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide

D) Helium

✅ Answer: C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide


29. Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

A) Right atrium

B) Right ventricle

C) Left atrium

D) Left ventricle

✅ Answer: D) Left ventricle


30. The normal oxygen saturation (SpO₂) is:

A) 70–80%

B) 80–90%

C) 95–100%

D) 50–60%

✅ Answer: C) 95–100%


31. The antidote for heparin is:

A) Vitamin K

B) Atropine

C) Protamine sulfate

D) Naloxone

✅ Answer: C) Protamine sulfate


32. The antidote for opioid overdose is:

A) Atropine

B) Naloxone

C) Protamine sulfate

D) Vitamin K

✅ Answer: B) Naloxone


33. The first step in hand hygiene is:

A) Dry hands

B) Apply lotion

C) Wet hands with water

D) Wear gloves

✅ Answer: C) Wet hands with water


34. The normal newborn heart rate is:

A) 40–60/min

B) 60–80/min

C) 120–160/min

D) 180–200/min

✅ Answer: C) 120–160/min


35. Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

A) Vitamin A

B) Vitamin C

C) Vitamin K

D) Vitamin D

✅ Answer: C) Vitamin K


36. The primary organ of respiration is:

A) Heart

B) Kidney

C) Lungs

D) Liver

✅ Answer: C) Lungs


37. The medical term for high blood pressure is:

A) Hypotension

B) Hypertension

C) Bradycardia

D) Tachypnea

✅ Answer: B) Hypertension


38. Which electrolyte is most important for cardiac function?

A) Calcium

B) Sodium

C) Potassium

D) Magnesium

✅ Answer: C) Potassium


39. CPR stands for:

A) Cardiac Pressure Response

B) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

C) Cardiac Pulmonary Repair

D) Clinical Patient Rescue

✅ Answer: B) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation


40. The first priority in patient assessment is:

A) Disability

B) Exposure

C) Circulation

D) Airway

✅ Answer: D) Airway

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