Human Lungs – Important Points

 Human Lungs  Lungs are the primary organ of the respiratory system, located in the thoracic cavity. Humans have two lungs: Right lung (3 lobes) and Left lung (2 lobes) — left is smaller to accommodate the heart. Covered by a double-layered membrane called Pleura (visceral & parietal), with pleural fluid reducing friction. Main function: Gas exchange – oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. Air pathway: Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs (~300 million) where actual gas exchange occurs via diffusion. Alveolar walls are lined with a single layer of squamous epithelium for fast diffusion. Surfactant (produced by Type II alveolar cells) reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse. Lungs are not muscular; breathing is driven by diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Diaphragm contraction → lung volume increases → inhalation (negative pressure). Diaphragm relaxation → lung volume decreases → exhalation. Right l...

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